Relationship between awareness of cervical cancer and HPV infection and attitudes towards HPV vaccine among women aged 15-49 years: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is a type of cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between awareness of cervical cancer and HPV infection and attitudes towards HPV vaccine among women aged 15-49 years. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted at Karabük Training and Research Hospital, Turkey. METHODS: 500 women who visited the gynecology outpatient clinic of a public hospital between July 15 and December 31, 2019, were selected through random sampling. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire comprising nine questions (created by the researchers), the HPV and Cervical Cancer Awareness Questionnaire and the Carolina HPV Immunization Attitudes and Beliefs Scale. RESULTS: The relationship between the awareness questionnaire and the beliefs scale was explained through simple effect modeling of a structural equation. The women's knowledge score regarding cervical cancer and HPV infection was 4.69 ± 4.02 out of 15. Women were afraid of being diagnosed with cervical cancer and HPV infection, but they did not have sufficient information. They had poor information about the HPV vaccine, did not know how to obtain the vaccine and did not have enough information about its benefits and harmful effects. Women who were afraid of getting cervical cancer, and who thought that they were at risk, had more information about the HPV vaccine. CONCLUSION: Women need information about cervical cancer, HPV infection and the HPV vaccine. Midwives, nurses and physicians who provide healthcare services in gynecological follow-ups should provide information to women about the HPV vaccine and cervical cancer.

Carbon dioxide laser treatment of facial papilloma in children: case report and literature review / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To investigate the feasibility of using a carbon dioxide(CO2) laser in the treatment of facial papilloma in children and to evaluate its curative effect and prognosis.@*Methods @#A case of pediatric facial papilloma treated with a CO2 laser was reported, and the effects of this disease and CO2 laser treatment were reviewed and analyzed in combination with the literature. @* Results@#Under general anesthesia, the lesion tissue of the left lip was excised for pathological biopsy, and the diagnosis was maxillofacial papilloma. The lesions were surgically ablated in stages with a CO2 laser, and erythromycin ointment was applied to the surgical incision after surgery. A total of three rounds of CO2 laser treatment were performed for 3 treatment courses. The child had no complications during or after the operation, the facial appearance was significantly improved, and there was no sign of recurrence during the 6-month follow-up. A literature review showed that CO2 lasers have been widely used in the excision of various surface lesions. In clinical practice, continuous CO2 laser with power of 10-50 W and wavelength of 10.6 μm is used to treat superficial tissue lesions, which can achieve accurate vaporization resection of diseased tissue, less bleeding and a good prognosis.@* Conclusion@#CO2 laser was accurate and minimally invasive for the removal of facial papilloma in children.

Microecological characteristics of different types of vaginitis and their correlation with HPV infection / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Objective:To retrospectively analyze the relationship between different types of vaginal infection, vaginal microecology, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 6056 patients who underwent vaginal microecology examination was performed, and patients with vaginal infection or HPV detection were screened out. The detection rates of various types of vaginal infection, HPV infection, and infection in different age groups were calculated.Results:A total of 2 737(45.2%) vaginal infection patients were screened, with 7 types of vaginal infection covered. The top three detection rates of vaginal infection were bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), and aerobic vaginal infection (AV). In 6056 patients, 1843 patients underwent HPV detection, among which the top three positive rates of HPV were BV, mixed infection, and VVC. The first three cases of vaginal infection with high-risk HPV infection were BV, mixed infection, and BV intermediate type. The age distribution of different types of vaginal infection combined with HPV infection was different, and the age at which it occurred and the trend of change with age were obvious.Conclusions:BV is closely related to HPV infection. It is suggested that HPV detection should be performed simultaneously in BV patients with vaginal infection, especially those aged 30 to 40 years, which has important clinical significance for HPV screening and prevention.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about Human Papillomavirus and HPV Vaccine in Chinese Mainland: A Meta-analysis / 肿瘤防治研究

Objective To understand and evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of female human papillomavirus and HPV vaccine in Chinese mainland. Methods We searched the relevant studies about the knowledge, attitude and behavior factors of HPV infection and HPV vaccine published in PubMed, MEDLINE, CNKI and Wanfang databases about Chinese mainland women from January 1, 1995 to January 31, 2021.Two researchers independently screened the literatures, extracted data and the literatures with quality score≥5 points.Chi square test was used to evaluate its heterogeneity.Begg' s test was used to evaluate publication bias. Results A total of 33 literatures were included, with a total number of 46013 people.The results showed that the total awareness rate of HPV in the population was 65.9%, the lowest rates were 16.0%, 41.2% and 14.4% in Northeast, rural areas and middle school students, respectively; while the highest rates of HPV were 77.4%, 56.3% and 71.0% in Central China, cities and towns and college students, respectively.The main source of HPV knowledge was the network/WeChat official account number (38.9%), and the lowest was family/friend (4.5%).The population's awareness rate of HPV vaccine related knowledge was 41.4%, the highest rates were 51.8% and 69.7% in East China and medical staff, respectively, while the lowest were 23.6% and 12.7% in Southwest and middle school students. Conclusion In order to achieve the total elimination of cervical cancer in China by 2030 as soon as possible, people should strengthen their awareness of HPV and HPV vaccine related knowledge.

The impact of the HPV vaccine on the world: initial outcomes and challenges / O impacto da vacina contra o HPV no mundo: resultados iniciais e desafios

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can be considered an epidemic in the world and in Brazil. This infection accounts for virtually all cases of cervical cancer, most malignant anal, vaginal and oropharyngeal tumors, and a large number of cases of cancer of the penis and vulva. The most effective way to prevent this infection is through vaccination. Several countries, including Brazil, have already introduced this vaccine into the public vaccination programs and are observing the real-life results of decreasing HPV-associated diseases. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of HPV vaccination in preventing virus-induced diseases in countries that have adopted it for a longer time, in a different scenario from clinical studies. Methods: This is a bibliographic review study in journal databases PubMed, LILACS, SciELO and Scopus, with publications dated from 2000 to 2019. The research was restricted to articles in English and Portuguese and studies conducted in humans. Ten studies that were considered relevant were selected. Furthermore, additional articles found by free search were selected. After this phase, the chosen publications were obtained in full for reassessment of their methodology and results. Results: The HPV vaccine demonstrated its effectiveness in reducing the incidence of HPV infection and/or anogenital warts and/or precancerous lesions in the seven countries analyzed by the study: Australia, Brazil, Denmark, United States of America, New Zealand, Czech Republic and Sweden. The impact was bigger in countries that introduced it earlier, such as Australia, where the vaccine virtually eliminated the incidence of genital warts in women aged under 21 years. Although Brazil implemented the vaccine a few years ago, a preliminary study was conducted in Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, where the vaccine was implemented in 2010, showing a 55% reduction in the incidence of genital warts for women aged under 21 years old, between 2007 and 2012. Conclusion: The HPV vaccine is highly effective in protecting against HPV infection and disease in the countries where it has been implemented, with better results than those seen in clinical trials

Introdução: A infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV) pode ser considerada uma epidemia no mundo e no Brasil. Essa infecção responde por virtualmente todos os casos de câncer de colo de útero, pela maioria dos tumores malignos anais, vaginais e orofaríngeos e por um grande número dos casos de câncer de pênis e vulva. A forma mais eficaz de prevenção dessa infecção é por meio da vacinação. Vários países, entre eles o Brasil, já introduziram essa vacina na rede pública e começaram a observar os resultados na vida real de diminuição das doenças HPV induzidas. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia da vacinação contra o HPV na prevenção de doenças induzidas pelo vírus em países que a adotaram há mais tempo, em um cenário diferente dos estudos clínicos. Métodos: Estudo de revisão bibliográfica em bases de dados de periódicos PubMed, LILACS, SciELO e Scopus, com publicações no período de 2000 a 2019. A pesquisa restringiu-se a artigos de língua inglesa e portuguesa e com estudos realizados em seres humanos. Foram selecionados dez trabalhos considerados relevantes. Além disso, foram escolhidos artigos adicionais pesquisados por busca livre. Após essa fase, as publicações selecionadas foram obtidas na íntegra para reavaliação da metodologia e dos resultados. Resultados: A vacina contra o HPV demonstrou sua eficácia na redução da incidência de infecção pelo HPV e/ou verrugas anogenitais e/ou lesões pré-cancerosas nos sete países analisados pelo estudo: Austrália, Brasil, Dinamarca, Estados Unidos da América, Nova Zelândia, República Tcheca e Suécia. O impacto foi maior em países que introduziram a vacina mais precocemente, como na Austrália, onde ela virtualmente eliminou a incidência de verrugas genitais em mulheres abaixo de 21 anos. Ainda que o Brasil tenha implementado a vacina há poucos anos, um estudo preliminar foi realizado no município de Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ), onde a vacina foi introduzida em 2010, demonstrando redução na incidência de verrugas genitais em 55% para mulheres abaixo de 21 anos de idade, no período entre 2007 e 2012. Conclusão: A vacina contra o HPV é muito eficaz na proteção contra a infecção e as doenças induzidas pelo HPV nos países em que foi implementada, com resultados melhores que os observados nos ensaios clínicos.

Importancia de los márgenes quirúrgicos afectados en la conización uterina cervical / Importance of surgical margins affected in cervical uterine conization

Resumen: OBJETIVO: Determinar la asociación entre los márgenes afectados con la persistencia-recurrencia de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical, persistencia del virus del papiloma humano y las reintervenciones. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte retrospectiva del Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense (enero 2010-octubre 2017). Criterio de inclusión: mujeres con al menos una revisión postintervención. Criterios de exclusión: mujeres sin evidencia de displasia de alto grado en la pieza de conización y a las que no se dio seguimiento. Variables de estudio: edad, tabaquismo, preservativo, anticonceptivos orales, vacunación contra VPH, persistencia-recurrencia de NIC y de VPH y reintervención. Se realizaron pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas entre las variables. RESULTADOS: La cohorte se integró con 248 mujeres, de éstas 81 (32.6%) tuvieron afectación de los márgenes quirúrgicos en la conización. La inmunosupresión, el tabaquismo y la anticoncepción oral fueron las asociaciones más frecuentes en los márgenes afectados. El uso de preservativo y la vacunación contra VPH fueron significativamente más frecuentes en los márgenes libres. Los márgenes afectados reportaron mayor persistencia de VPH (50 vs 23.9%; OR 3.17 (1.90-5.26), p < 0.001), enfermedad persistente-recurrente (47.2 vs 22.5%; OR 3.07 (1.84-5.12), p < 0.001) y reintervenciones (40.2 vs 15.4%; OR 3.679 (2.094-6.463), p < 0.028). El margen más afectado fue, en orden descendente, endocervical (55.6%), exocervical (25%) y ambos (19.4%). CONCLUSIONES: El margen afectado confiere un riesgo importante en la evolución de la infección por VPH y la recurrencia de la enfermedad.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between affected margins with persistence-recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, persistence of human papillomavirus and re-interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study of cases and controls nested in a retrospective cohort of the Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense (January 2010-October 2017). Inclusion criteria: women with at least one post-intervention check-up. Exclusion criteria: women without evidence of high-grade dysplasia in the conization piece and who were not followed up. Study variables: age, smoking, condom, oral contraceptives, HPV vaccination, persistence-recurrence of CIN and HPV, and re-operation. Parametric and non-parametric tests were performed among the variables. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 248 women, 81 of whom (32.6%) had affected surgical margins on conization. Immunosuppression, smoking and oral contraception were the most frequent associations in affected margins. Condom use and HPV vaccination were significantly more frequent in free margins. Affected margins reported greater persistence of HPV (50 vs 23.9%; OR 3.17 (1.90-5.26), p < 0.001), persistent-recurrent disease (47.2 vs 22.5%; OR 3.07 (1.84-5.12), p < 0.001), and reinterventions (40.2 vs 15.4%; OR 3.679 (2.094-6.463), p < 0.028). The most affected margin was, in descending order, endocervical (55.6%), exocervical (25%) and both (19.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The affected margin confers a significant risk in the evolution of HPV infection and disease recurrence.

Epidermoid carcinoma in the neovagina of a patient with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome. Case report and literature review / Carcinoma epidermoide de neovagina en paciente con síndrome de mayer- rokitansky-küster-hauser. reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura

RESUMEN Objetivo: presentar el caso de una paciente con síndrome de Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser, con diagnóstico de carcinoma escamoso en neovagina, y realizar una revisión de la literatura del tratamiento y pronóstico de las neoplasias o la infección por VPH de tejidos neovaginales en mujeres transgénero o con síndrome MRKH. Materiales y métodos: mujer de 56 años de edad que consulta en un hospital universitario regional de la ciudad de Sevilla (España). Tras la exploración clínica se aprecia una tumoración exofítica en fondo de vagina, con resultado de biopsia de carcinoma escamoso y cultivo positivo para virus del papilloma humano (VPH) tipo 16. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en la base de datos Medline vía PubMed, con los términos: "congenital abnormalities"; "mullerian aplasia"; "neovagina"; "vaginal neoplasms"; "squamous carcinoma"; "HPV infection", de reportes y series de caso, y estudios observacionales publicados desde el año 2000 hasta octubre de 2019 en inglés y español. Resultados: se incluyeron 14 estudios; de estos, siete correspondieron a carcinoma escamocelular, tres a adenocarcinoma y cuatro informan infección solo por VPH. Todos los carcinomas escamocelulares presentaban estadios avanzados por compromiso local o linfático y recibieron radioterapia con quimioterapia concomitante o cirugía radical. El pronóstico fue malo en tres de los casos. Las pacientes con adenocarcinoma también presentaron lesiones avanzadas con compromiso local, el tratamiento fue quirúrgico, con quimioterapia concomitante en dos de los casos. Solo una paciente tuvo seguimiento mayor a cinco años. La infección por VPH es frecuente en mujeres sometidas a construcción de neovagina. Conclusiones: las pacientes con neovagina son susceptibles de desarrollar carcinomas escamosos si se utilizaron injertos cutáneos, o adenocarcinomas en aquellas en las que se reconstruyó la vagina a partir de injertos tisulares intestinales. Dado que al momento del diagnóstico presentan compromiso local, a menudo requieren tratamientos radicales o combinados. Se debe investigar cuáles son las mejores estrategias de tamizaje de VPH, cáncer escamoso y adenocarcinoma en este tipo de pacientes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To present the case of a squamous carcinoma in the neovagina of a patient with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome and review of the literature related to treatment and prognosis of vaginal neoplasms or HPV infection in transgender women or with MRKH syndrome. Materials and methods: A 56-year-old woman consulted to the Hospital Universitario of Sevilla (Spain). During the clinical examination, a exophytic tumor at the bottom of the vagina was found and the biopsy reported squamous carcinoma and positive nucleic acid amplification test for human papilloma (HPV) type 16. A literature search of case reports, case series and observational studies published from 2000 to October 2019 in English and Spanish was performed in Medline via PubMed, with the following terms: "congenital abnormalities"; "Mullerian aplasia"; "neovagina"; "Vaginal neoplasms"; "Squamous carcinoma"; "HPV infection" was performed. Results: 14 studies were finally included; seven corresponded to squamous cell carcinoma, three to adenocarcinoma and four reported HPV infection only. All of the squamous cell carcinomas were at advanced stages due to local or lymphatic compromise and received radiotherapy with concomitant chemotherapy or radical surgery. The prognosis was bad in three of the cases. Patients with adenocarcinoma also presented with advanced lesions due to local extensión and received surgical treatment and two cases received concomitant chemotherapy. Only one patient was followed-up for five years or more. HPV infection is common in women who underwent neovagina reconstruction. Conclusions: Patients with neovagina are susceptible to develope squamous carcinomas or adenocarcinomas depending if skin or intestinal tissue grafts are used. According to local compromise at the time of diagnosis, radical or combined treatments are required. Which screening strategies for HPV, squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinoma is to be investigated.

Prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology and HPV DNA positivity among HIV positive women

Background: The relationship among HIV, HPV, and development of CIN is complex and incompletely understood. Present study is undertaken to find out the prevalence and relationship of abnormal cervical cytology and HPV infection in HIV positive women.Methods: This was a cross-sectional, case control study conducted on 95 HIV seropositive and 95 seronegative women. Specimen was collected from the cervix for HPV DNA testing, subtyping and cytology.Results: HPV DNA positivity was higher in seropositive group (18.6% vs. 7.4%). Premalignant conditions were found only in seropositive group. At CD4 count <249 HPV DNA positivity was 53%, at 250-499 the percentage of HPV DNA positivity was 31% and at >500 HPV DNA positivity was 19%.Conclusions: Prevalence of abnormal cytology and HPV DNA positivity is higher amongst HIV positive women and there is an association between HPV DNA positivity with lower CD4 counts.

Comparative study of causative organism in erosive cervicitis, cervical intra epithelial neoplasia and carcinoma cervix using Pap smear

Background: Cervical cancer is the third largest cause of cancer mortality in India after cancers of the mouth and oropharynx, and oesophagus, accounting for nearly 10% of all cancer related deaths in the country.Methods: The present study carried out 300 patients in Gajra Raja Medical College in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, OPD and indoor admitted patients from July 2016 to December. 2016. The selected patients were examined with care to note any cervical lesion, appearance of cervix, nature of any cervical/ vaginal discharge. Then a cervical scrape was taken with an Ayre’s spatula and slide stained and then examined.Results: The maximum cases of HPV were seen in CIN, LSIL and HSIL. Maximum incidence of all cases was seen in the age group of 30-50 yrs. The women married before 18 years had the highest incidence of CIN and HPV infection. Majority of the cases of cervicitis were co-infected with H-Vaginalis and Trichomonas. Most women opted for a sterilization procedure rather than any other method of contraception. Use of no contraception puts these women at a high risk of acquiring HPV infection from infected partners.Conclusions: Occurrence of HPV infection declines with increasing grades. Most of the patients with HPV infection had presented with non-specific symptoms of discharge P/V or lower abdominal pain.

HPV infection: in need of timely intervention

Persistent infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) has been proved beyond doubt to be associated with the development of cervical cancer. One woman dies of cervical cancer every 8 minutes in India. As per estimations for the year 2018, about 96922 new cervical cancer cases are diagnosed annually in India and it ranks as the second most common female cancer in all age groups. But being an infectious cause it is possible to contain its development and transmission. Coupled with this, we have a potent vaccine to fight this infection. A well documented account of positive impact of HPV vaccination has been published in numerous studies around the globe. By 2013, its vaccination had been introduced in about fifty countries around the globe. In India also, recently, two HPV vaccination projects for operational feasibility were launched in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. In November 2016, Punjab becamethe first state in the country to include the vaccine in its universal immunization program. This era belongs to women empowerment and we cannot deny them the opportunity of good health. Hence it’s high time India introduces an effective HPV vaccination program.

Study of epidemiology, clinicopathological correlation, prognostic factors and management in squamous cell carcinoma of vulva

Background: Carcinoma of the vulva is rare cancer, pruritus is the most common and long-lasting reported symptom. It is found to be associated with HPV and HIV infection. Currently, a more individualized and less radical treatment is suggested. In this study we evaluated epidemiology, clinicopathological prognostic factors, HPV distribution and risk factors for metastases to lymph nodes. We also reviewed multidisciplinary clinical management carried out at our institute.Methods: It is a prospective study of 25 biopsy proven cases of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Vulva, treated at our center from September 2014 to September 2016. We collected the data regarding the clinical presentation, histological details, treatment given, survival and complications. HPV 16 and 18 testing were done using PCR method. Median follow up of the patients are for 24 months.Results: The mean age of patients was 54.6 years. Commonest presentation was perineal itching (36%). HPV 16/18 were positive in 25% of the patients. Radical vulvectomy with bilateral groin dissection was done in 14/25 (56%) patients. Among these 14 patients, 35.7 % (5/14) has lymph node metastases, disease free survival was 63.6% and overall survival was 81.1% for median follow up of 24 months. About one third of the patient presented with locally advanced disease.  Six (24%) patients received only chemo radiation as a treatment.Conclusions: HPV and HIV infection increase the risk of vulvar cancer. Individualization of treatment is necessary. The use of preoperative chemoradiation in locally advanced disease might have promising results in future.

Diode laser surgery in the treatment of oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia associated with HPV-16 infection / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

BACKGROUND: Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is an oral potentially malignant disorder, characterized by multifocal expression, progressive clinical evolution, and a high rate of malignant transformation. Evidence-based information regarding optimal PVL management is lacking, due to the paucity of data. The present report describes a case of PVL associated with HPV-16 infection and epithelial dysplasia treated by diode laser surgery, and the outcome of disease clinical remission over a 2-year follow-up period. CASE REPORT: A 61-year-old Caucasian male with oral verrucous hyperkeratosis presented for diagnosis. The lesions were localized on the maxillary gingiva and palatal alveolar ridge. Multiple biopsy specimens have been taken by mapping the keratotic lesion area. Microscopic examination was compatible with a diagnosis of PVL with focal mild dysplasia, localized in the right maxillary gingiva. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done for human papillomavirus (HPV) detection which revealed presence of HPV DNA, and the genotype revealed HPV 16 in the sample. The PVL in the right gingival area was treated on an outpatient basis by excision with a diode laser. This approach resulted in good clinical response and decreased morbidity over a 2-year follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: This case illustrates the benefit of a conservative approach by diode laser treatment than wide surgical excision for management of the PVL lesions associated with mild dysplasia and HPV-16 infection.

Effects and diagnostic value of G protein-coupled receptor 4 on the establishment of neovascularization of human papillomavirus infection in cervical cancer tissues / 中国综合临床

Objective To explore the effect and diagnostic value of G protein coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) on the establishment of neovascularization of HPV infected cervical cancer tissue.Methods From March 2016 to December 2017,thirty cases of HPV infected cervical cancer,cervical precancerous lesion and cervical health in Lan County Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning Service Center were selected as subjects.After the consent of the stubjects,specimens were collected.Immunohistochemical method was used to observe the positive rate of LGR4 in three kinds of tissue specimens.The diagnostic value of LGR4 in differentiation,staging and typing of cervical cancer was observed by screening test,and the expression of related pro-angiogenic factors in LGR4-positive tissues was observed.Results The difference in the expression of LGR4 in healthy tissue,precancerous lesions and cervical cancer tissues was statistically significant (x2=24.104,P =0.000).The positive rate of LGR4 expression in cervical cancer tissue was 80％ (24/30),which was significantly higher than that in healthy group 16.7％ (5/30) and precancerous lesion tissue 50％ (15/30),the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).The sensitivity of LGR4 was 80.00％,the specificity was 83.33％,the positive predictive value was 82.76％,the negative predictive value was 80.65％,the diagnostic accuracy was 81.67％ and the Kappa value was 0.63,which has good consistency.The differences of LGR4 positive rate in different age,different degree of differentiation and different clinical stages were statistically significant (P＜0.05).Laboratory results showed that CRP,PCT,VEGF and TGF-β3 in LGR4-positive tissues of cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer were significantly higher than those in LGR4-negative tissues,the differences were statistically significant (t=9.247,2.925,39.669,15.348,P＜0.05).Conclusion LGR4 can promote the establishment of neovascularization in cervical cancer and has certain diagnostic value for cervical cancer and cervical precancerous lesions.

The role of p16 as putative biomarker for cervical neoplasia: A controversial issue? / O Papel da Proteina p16 como marcador putativo para neoplasia cervical: um tema controverso?

INTRODUCTION: Protein p16 has been extensively studied as a potential biomarker for precursor lesions to distinguish cervical Intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) from their mimics. However, the use of p16 as prognostic biomarker for diagnosis of cervical cancer and precancer is controversial. This study focuses on the assessment of peer-reviewed scientific data related to the use of p16 to predict disease severity and its controversies. METHODS: We reviewed publications in MEDLINE/PubMed assessing the clinical, diagnostic and prognostic significance of p16 in CIN and cervical cancer; we included publications from 2009 to June 2017. RESULTS: The use of p16 as a prognostic marker is still unreliable, although it could be a useful tool for diagnosis of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia lesions with undetermined morphology. Moreover, p16 appears to be a specific marker of high-risk oncogenic HPV infection. CONCLUSION: This review shows the potential utility and drawbacks of p16 for clinical practice and the diagnosis of cervical cancer. Further studies are required to substantiate the role of p16 in conjunction with other more sensitive and specific biomarkers for diagnosing CIN and predicting its progression.

INTRODUÇÃO: A proteína p16 tem sido estudada como um biomarcador potencialmente específico de lesões cervicais precursoras e como uma forma de diferenciar as lesões parecidas com Neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical (NIC). Contudo existem várias controvérsias sobre a utilização de p16 como um biomarcador prognóstico e como uma ferramenta para o diagnóstico de câncer cervical e de lesões pré-câncer. O objetivo deste estudo foi a revisão de dados científicos por pares de bases, relacionados com a utilização da p16 e suas controvérsias. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi projetado como uma revisão da literatura das publicações do Medline/PubMed que avaliam o significado clínico, diagnóstico ou prognóstico do p16 em lesões de NIC e no câncer cervical no período de janeiro de 2009 a junho de 2017. RESULTADOS: o uso do p16 como um marcador prognóstico ainda não é confiável, apesar de que a p16 poderia ser uma ferramenta útil para o diagnóstico em lesões de NIC com morfologia indeterminada. Além disso, a p16 parece ser um marcador específico de infecção por HPV de alto risco oncogênico. CONCLUSÃO: A presente revisão mostra a potencial utilidade da proteína p16, bem como os inconvenientes para uso clínico-patológico e diagnóstico no câncer cervical. Contudo são necessários mais estudos para fundamentar o papel da p16 em conjunto com os outros biomarcadores mais sensíveis e específicos para diagnosticar NIC e prever a sua progressão.

Study on the expression of Ki-67and NF-κB in cervical lesion and their correlation with HPV infection / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the expression of Ki-67and NF-κB in cervical lesion and their correlation with HPV infec tion.Methods 70 cases with surgically resected or cervical biopsy (70 cases cervical specimens) were selected as the research object from January 2015 to January 2017 in our hospital.The expression of Ki-67,NF-κB and PCNA were detected by immune cell chemical dyeing method,and making the correlation analysis by Spearman.Results The expression rate of Ki-67,NF-κB and PCNA in CIN and cervical invasive squamous carcinoma tissues were significantly higher than that of chronic cervicitis tissues.Spearman rank correlation analysis showed,there was a positively correlation of Ki-67 and PCNA(r=0.582,P＜0.05),there was a positively correlation of NF-κB and PCNA(r=0.603,P＜0.05),there was a positively correlation of Ki-67 and HPV infection (r=0.601,P＜ 0.05),there was a positively correlation of NF-κB and HPV infection (r=0.596,P＜0.05),here was a positively correlation of PCNA expression and HPV infection(r=0.647,P＜0.05).Conclusion There is a difference of positive expression rate of Ki-67,NFκB in different cervical lesions organizations,and Ki-67,NF-κB are associated with HPV infection,they might be involved in cervical lesions in the process,could be used as indexes for identification of cervical disease,diagnosis and evaluation.

Study on the expression of Ki-67and NF-κB in cervical lesion and their correlation with HPV infection / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the expression of Ki-67and NF-κB in cervical lesion and their correlation with HPV infec tion.Methods 70 cases with surgically resected or cervical biopsy (70 cases cervical specimens) were selected as the research object from January 2015 to January 2017 in our hospital.The expression of Ki-67,NF-κB and PCNA were detected by immune cell chemical dyeing method,and making the correlation analysis by Spearman.Results The expression rate of Ki-67,NF-κB and PCNA in CIN and cervical invasive squamous carcinoma tissues were significantly higher than that of chronic cervicitis tissues.Spearman rank correlation analysis showed,there was a positively correlation of Ki-67 and PCNA(r=0.582,P＜0.05),there was a positively correlation of NF-κB and PCNA(r=0.603,P＜0.05),there was a positively correlation of Ki-67 and HPV infection (r=0.601,P＜ 0.05),there was a positively correlation of NF-κB and HPV infection (r=0.596,P＜0.05),here was a positively correlation of PCNA expression and HPV infection(r=0.647,P＜0.05).Conclusion There is a difference of positive expression rate of Ki-67,NFκB in different cervical lesions organizations,and Ki-67,NF-κB are associated with HPV infection,they might be involved in cervical lesions in the process,could be used as indexes for identification of cervical disease,diagnosis and evaluation.

Paiteling treatment of cervical cervical high-risk HPV infection outcome / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To explore the treatment effect on cervical Paiteling cervical high-risk human papiloma virus(HPV) infection outcome.MethodsRandomly selected from our hospital during January 2014 to January 2016 in 120 cases of cervical high-risk HPV infection patients as the research object, of which 40 cases were treated with Paiteling treatment (Paiteling group), 40 patients were treated with foscarnet sodium (foscarnet sodium group).Another 40 patients without intervention (control group).The outcome of HPV infection in three groups was compared.ResultsPatients with negative rate of special spirit (87.50%) and foscarnet sodium group (55.00%) and control group (50.00%) was statistically significant(P<0.05), and the special spirit Group continued the positive rate (2.50%) was significantly lower than the control group (42.50%) and foscarnet sodium group (37.50%).However, there was no significant difference between the groups in the rate of improvement and the incidence of new infections.There was no significant difference between the control group and the positive rate (50.00%) in the control group (42.50%) compared with that in the control group.ConclusionPaiteling treatment of clinical effect of cervical high-risk HPV infection, can effectively improve the symptoms of HPV infection, which can shorten the HPV clearance time, has positive clinical significance.

Analytical research on HPV infection among women in Xingjiang Kashgar area / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the exfoliative cell HPV infection situation,genotype distibution and charactristics among female population in Kashgar area.Methods The cervical exfoliated cells specimens were collected from 1548 women,and 23 genotypes of HPV were detected by using the PCR reverse dot blot hybridization method.The HPV infection situation and its genotypes were analyzed.Results The HPV infection positive rate was 33.33% (485/1 548),in which the HPV-16 infection rate was 10.3%;HPV52 infection rate was 9.9%;HPV58 infection rate was 7.6%,HPV53 infection rate was 7.2%;the single subtype infection rate was was 66.8%,the multiple infection rate was 33.2%;the HPV infection rate was highest(43.3%) in female population aged 41-50 years old,which was extremely higher than that in other age groups(P<0.05).Conclusion The HPV infection among female population of Kashgar area is dominated by HPV16,the HPV infection rate is highest in female population aged aged 41-50 years old,which provides a theoretical basis for the HPV prevention and control work of related departments in Kashgar area.

Effect of Ganoderma capsule on expressions of CD105 protein and miR-21 in cervical cancer tumor tissue associated with HPV infection / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of Ganoderma capsule on the expression of CD105 protein and miR-21 in cervical cancer tumor tissue associated with human papillomavirus ( HPV) infection.Methods 162 patients with HPV positive cervical cancer from the department of oncology in Cixi City Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine were selected and divided into two groups, 81 cases in the control group were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 81 cases in the experiment group received Ganoderma capsule on the basis of the control group , the expression levels of CD105 protein, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), miR-21 in tumor tissues, microvessel formation correlation indexes, peripheral blood T lymphocyte levels, and the clinical effect were compared after the treatment.Results The control rate in the control group(72.84%)was lower than the experiment group(86.41%) (P<0.05).Compared with the control group, the expression levels of CD105 protein, VEGF in tumor tissue were lower in the experiment group after treatment, serum levels of CD105 protein,transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), VEGF were lower after chemotherapy, the expression level of miR-21 was lower after treatment, peripheral blood CD4 +T lymphocytes and CD4 +/CD8 +ratio levels were higher, and the level of CD8 +T lymphocytes was lower after chemotherapy(P<0.05).Conclusion The Ganoderma capsule can significantly down regulate the expression of CD105 protein, VEGF and miR-21 in cervical cancer tumor tissue associated with HPV infection, inhibit the formation of micro blood vessels in tumor tissue, protect the immune function of patients, and improve the clinical curative effect.

Knowledge Of Cervical Cancer And Pap Smear Among Indian Women.

Introduction: Cancer of the uterine cervix is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among women worldwide and a leading public health problem. Currently cervical cancer is potentially curable, but still continues to be the second most frequent cause of death by neoplasia in women and the survival rate in 5 years varies from 44 to 66%. Method: This study was carried out during the period of January 2012 to June 2012in one of the tertiary care teaching hospital. In depth interview of 100 women were taken before and after awareness program in the form of lecture on cervical cancer- the occurrence and prevention. The data before and after were compared and analyzed. Results: most of the patients are in 4th decade of life (59 %). The educational level of respondents ranged from primary to tertiary level. Only a few patients (20 %) were aware that early detection and treatment regarding cervical cancer. Risk factors for cervical cancer were known by less than 35 % of the patients. Only 8 % of the respondents had heard of HPV or knew about its association with cervical cancer. Twenty-seven patients asserted that they had knowledge of the Pap smear test. Conclusion: By improving their knowledge and awareness regarding cervical cancer, we are able to reduce the incidence. [Parikh U NJIRM 2016; 7(5):60-63]